Aristotle is the father of Western philosophy, and is responsible for formulating one of history's most important questions: "What do people need in order to be happy?" His Nicomachean Ethics covers his own answer to this question, which he claims is happiness. For Aristotle, happiness is that state where humans are functioning well at their best potential. This means they are functioning in accordance with their nature or "the best that they can be. ”Aristotle was not the first to assign the question of happiness to humans. The ancient Greeks had written about happiness in relation to their gods, who are above human beings, but are part of human nature. Aristotle's inspiration for asking whether or not humans can be happy comes from his belief that all people are essentially selfish. He argues that humans are capable of having self-interested motives without being able to co-opt their own interests with those of others, for instance, by considering others' perspective.His answer to the question is two-fold: for Aristotle, being happy means being able to do what one needs to do well. This is not to do with how well we feel; we can feel satisfied and fulfilled even if we do not attain our best potential. Aristotle's answer to the question is that happiness does not require human beings to be selfless. We can be happy even when we themselves seek private gain, such as by pursuing wealth and power.Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics addresses the question "Why be moral?" or "Why should one behave morally?" His answer is that to be moral simply means that one should live in accordance with nature: the good life for Aristotle involves having a desire for justice and doing no wrong. Aristotle believed that humans are by nature self-seeking and therefore cannot live happily unless they live according to the principles of justice. Justice is for him a virtue, not a means to an end. Virtue is related to happiness in this way: both require the following of one's own rational nature rather than of others' wills, since virtue requires one to act in accordance with "one’s own" rational nature.Because Aristotle had no direct experience of his own emotions or tastes, he concluded that there was no connection between the human body and the human soul. He asserted that feelings are merely physical, and therefore not intrinsically related to moral action. Aristotle believed that the body can be trained to follow the same patterns of behavior as the soul, but the body has no natural intention or goal of following reason or justice.Aristotle's theory was strongly influenced by Plato. Many scholars believe Plato's work to be a direct response to Aristotle's work, and some think that Aristotle disagreed with Plato on specific points. He believed that human beings have no distinct purpose separate from their nature as "rational animals." In Plato's ideal city-state of The Republic, people with different natures must live together under one government in order to harmonize their differences.
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